Psychosocial Risks at Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Psychosocial Risks at Work - Essay ExampleWhereas ones interpersonal relations influence the success of the strategies to minimize melodic phrase in the workplace, these strategies have a significant impact on approaches to reduce depression and related health-issues of the employees. In their study on psychosocial risks at work, Michael Ertel, et al. maintains that psychosocial risks such as work-related stress, violence, bullying and harassment have become major concerns for occupational safety and health. (Ertel, et.al., 169) Therefore, it is essential to comprehend that there is a close cause-and-effect relation between occupational health and psychosocial factors. Psychosocial factors refer to all organizational factors and interpersonal relationships in the workplace that may affect the health of the workers. (Vzina, et.al) As a result of the emerging lack for reducing psychosocial risks, modern companies adopt several psychosocial risk intervention strategies to deal with p sychosocial factors. It is indubitable that the stressful nature of a work situation, workload, interpersonal relationships, career prospects, and organizational climate highly affect an employees health-related issues, including depression.

Interpreting and Aligning National, State, and Local Standards Research Paper

Interpreting and Aligning National, State, and Local Standards - Research Paper ExampleThese standards were do in line with both college and work expectations and they atomic number 18 clear, understandable and consistent. According to CSSI (2012), these standards include rigorous content and application of knowledge through high-order skills and they are construct upon strengths and lessons of current state standards. They are also evidence based and thus they are expected to contribute significantly to the improvement of quality and value of nurture in all the states in this country. These common marrow standards have several advantages that result after they have been fully implemented in the states. The common sum total standards help to identify all stakeholders in education and the knowledge skills that the students must acquire for them to be successful in college and career (Kendall, 2011). This is a very spectacular advantage to the stakeholders since it can assist th em in tailoring their activities towards facilitating the students to acquire these kinds of knowledge. Another advantage is that they help in the achievement of few kind of uniformity in terms of skills and knowledge developed by students by the time they join college or work among all the states. These can enable the students to attend a college in a state different from his state of origin or even work effectively in a state different from the one in which he attended school. ... They make the experienced teachers incur some difficulties in their attempt to adjust their activities to suit a particular set of students. Another loss is that they do not favor all the states equally since they can be cultivated by the learning environment. This makes some content of these common core standards require some adjustments and modification to meets education requirements in a particular state. The standards that currently have the strongest influence on the education environment I work in are the common core standards for language art. These standards are concerned with the standards that need to be achieved in reading, writing, listening, speaking, and language translation (CCSSI, 2010). These standards get out be having a great influence on the education environment in which I allow for be working. This is because they will be the ones shaping most of the activities that I will be chore in my effort to promote language learning among my students. One of the ways they will be shaping my activities is influencing the choice of activities to use in my teaching. My teaching activities will be varying depending on the learning objectives of my lesson. If the learning objectives are to promote language listening skills, then in designing my teaching activities I will be considering the common core standards for language listening knowledge. If the learning objectives are concerned with promoting speaking skills, then I will be putting into precondition the common core standards for such kind of knowledge and so on. This would make the lesson meet the required standards, enhancing its chances to help the students achieve the level of competency required. These common core standards will also be influencing the kind of teaching

Training and Development of Employees Essay Example for Free

rearing and Development of Employees EssayObjectives of the Project Report didactics and Development of Employees Finding is the main objective of this project report and some of the sub-objective in this report. They are * To chouse the effectiveness of the reproduction programme conducted by the company. * To sack out whether employees are aware about their responsibilities and authorities or not. * To improve Organizational Climate and increase the morale of employees. * To know whether nurture programme is conducted successfully or not. * To know about the body of work culture of the organisation. teaching and Development of Employees training and Development of Employees After employees give way been selected for divers(a) positions in an organization, training them for the specific tasks to which they have been assigned assumes great importance. It is true in many organizations that before an employee is fitted into a harmonious operative relationship with ot her(a) employees, he is given adequate training. Training is the act of increasing the acquaintance and attainments of an employee for performing a particular tune. The major outcome of training is arrivement. A trainee learns new habits, refined s charges and useful knowledge during the training that helps him improve performance. Training enables an employee to do his present job much efficiently and prepare himself for a higher-level job.The essential features of training may be stated gum olibanum * Increases knowledge and skills for doing a particular job it bridges the gap between job needs and employee skills, knowledge and behaviors * Focuses attention on the current job it is job specific and addresses particular performance deficits or fusss * Concentrates on individual employees changing what employees know, how they work, their attitudes toward their work or their interactions with their co-workers or supervisors * Tends to be more narrowly focused and lie towar d short-term performance concerns. Training is needed to serve the following purposes* Newly recruited employees require training so as to perform their tasks effectively. Instruction, guidance, coaching help them to detention jobs competently, without any wastage. * Training is necessary to prepare existing employees for higher-level jobs (promotion). * Existing employees require refresher training so as to keep abreast of the latest bugger offments in job operations. In the face of rapid technological channelizes, this is an absolute necessity. * Training is necessary when a person moves from one job to another (transfer). After training, the employee poop change jobs quickly, improve his performance levels and achieve career goals comfortably* Training is necessary to make employees mobile and versatile. They can be placed on various jobs depending on organizational needs. * Training is needed to bridge the gap between what the employee has and what the job demands. * Trainin g is needed to make employees more productive and useful in the long-run. * Training is needed for employees to gain acceptance from peers ( larn a job quickly and being able to pull their own weight is one of the best ways for them to gain acceptance).Importance of Training * Training offers innumerable benefits to both employees and employers. It makes the employee more productive and more useful to an organization. The importance of training can be analyze under the following headsBenefits to the business* Trained workers can work more efficiently. They use machines, tools, and materials in a proper way. Wastage is thus eliminated to a large extent. * in that location provide be fewer accidents. Training improves the knowledge of employees regarding the use of machines and equipment. Hence, trained workers need not be put under close watch, as they know how to handle operations properly. * Trained workers can show superior performance. They can turn out better performance. Th ey can turn out better step erects by putting the materials, tools and equipment to good use. * Training makes employees more loyal to an organization. They will be slight inclined to chip in the unit where there are egress opportunities Benefits to the employees* Training makes an employee more useful to a firm. Hence, he will find employment more easily. * Training makes employees more efficient and effective. By combining materials, tools and equipment in a sort out way, they can produce more with minimum effort. * Training enables employees to secure promotions easily. They can realise their career goals comfortably. * Training helps an employee to move from one organization to another easily. He can be more mobile and pursue career goals actively. * Employees can avoid mis results, accidents on the job. They can handle jobs with confidence. They will be more satisfied on their jobs. Their morale would be high. Thus, training can contri scarcelye to higher production, fewe r mistakes, greater job satisfaction and lower childbed turn everyplace. Also, it can enable employees to cope with organizational, social and technological change. Effective training is an invaluable investment in the human resources of an organization.Learning Principles The Philosophy of TrainingTraining is essential for job success. It can lead to higher production, fewer mistakes, greater job satisfaction and lower turnover. These benefits accrue to both the trainee and the organization, if managers understand the principles behind the training process. To this end, training efforts must invariably follow certain encyclopaedism-oriented guidelines.ModellingModeling is entirely copying someone elses behavior. Passive classroom learning does not leave any room for modeling. If we want to change people, it would be a good idea to have videotapes of people showing the desired behavior. The selected model should provide the right kind of behavior to be copied by others. A great d eal of human behaviour is learned by theoretical account others. Children learn by modelling parents and older children, they are quite comfortable with the process by the time they grow up. As experts put it. managers tend to manage as they were managedMotivationFor learning to take place, intention to learn is weighty. When the employee is motivated, he pays attention to what is being said, done and presented. Motivation to learn is influenced by the answers to questions such as How important is my job to me? How important is the information? Will learning help me progress in the company? etc. People learn more quickly when the material is important and applicable to them. Learning is usu aloney quicker and long-lasting when the learner participates actively. Most people, for showcase, never forget how to ride a bicycle because they took an active part in the learning process.Rein mogulmentPositive reinforcement consists of rewarding desired behaviors. If a behavior is rewarde d, it probably will be repeated. People avoid certain behaviors that invite reprehension and punishment. A bank officer would want to do a postgraduate course in finance, if it earns him increments and makes him eligible for further promotions. Both the external rewards (investments, praise) and the internal rewards (a tonus of pride and achievement) associated with desired behaviors compel subjects to learn properly. To be effective, the trainer must reward desired behaviors only. If he rewards poor performance, the results may be disastrous good performers may quit in frustration, accidents may go up, and productivity may suffer. The reinforcement principle is overly based on the premise that punishment is less effective in learning than reward. Punishment is a pointer to undesirable behaviors. When administered, it causes pain to the employee. He mayor may not repeat the mistakes. The reactions may be mild or wild. Action taken to repeal a person from undesirable action is pun ishment. If administered properly, punishment may force the trainee to modify the undesired or incorrect behaviors.FeedbackPeople learn best if reinforcement is given as soon as possible after training. Every employee wants to know what is expected of him and how easily he is doing. If he is off the track, somebody must put him back on the rails. The errors in such cases must be rectified immediately. The trainee after learning the right behaviour is motivated to do things in a right way and earn the associated rewards. Positive feedback (showing the trainee the right way of doing things) is to be preferred to controvert feedback (telling the trainee that he is not correct) when we want to change behaviour.Spaced PracticeLearning takes place easily if the practice sessions are spread over a achievement of time. New employees learn better if the orientation programme is spread over a two or three day period, instead of covering it all in one day. For memorizing tasks, massed pract ice is usually more effective. Imagine the way schools ask the kids to say the Lords prayer aloud. Can you memorise a long meter by learning only one line per day? You tend to forget the beginning of the poem by the time you reach the last stanza. For acquiring skills as stated by Mathis and Jackson, spaced practice is usually the best. This incremental approach to skill acquisition minimises the physical fatigue that deters learning.Whole LearningThe design of whole learning suggests that employees learn better if the job information is explained as an entire logical process, so that they can see how the various actions fit in concert into the big picture. A broad overview of what the trainee would be doing on the job should be given top priority, if learning has to take place quickly. Research studies have also indicated that it is more efficient to practice a whole task all at once rather than trying to master the various components of the task at different intervals.Active Pra cticePractice makes a man perfect so said Bacon. To be a swimmer, you should plunge into water instead of simply reading about swimming or looking at films of the worlds best swimmers. Learning is enhanced when trainees are provided ample opportunities to repeat the task. For maximum benefit, practice sessions should be distributed over time.Applicability of TrainingTraining should be as real as possible so that trainees can successfully transfer the new knowledge to their jobs. The training situations should be set up so that trainees can visualise and identify with the types of situations they can come across on the job.EnvironmentFinally, environment plays a major role in training. It is natural that workers who are exposed to training in comfortable environments with adequate, well spaced rest periods are more plausibly to learn than employees whose training conditions are less than ideal. Generally speaking, learning is very fast at the beginning. Thereafter, the pace of lea rning slows down as opportunities for improvement cd off.Areas of TrainingThe Areas of Training in which training is offered may be classified into the following categories.KnowledgeHere the trainee learns about a set of rules and regulations about the job, the staff and the products or services offered by the company. The aim is to make the new employee fully aware of what goes on inside and outside the company.Technical SkillsThe employee is taught a specific skill (e.g., operating a machine, handling computer etc.) so that he can acquire that skill and contribute meaningfully.Social SkillsThe employee is made to learn about himself and others, and to develop a right mental attitude towards the job, colleagues and the company. The principal focus is on teaching the employee how to be a team member and get forwards. TechniquesThis involves the use of knowledge and skill to various on-the-job situations. In addition to improving the skills and knowledge of employees, training aim s at moulding employee attitudes When administered properly, a training programme will go a long way in obt8ining employee loyalty, support and commitment to company activities.Types of TrainingThere are many approaches to training. We focus here on the types of training that are commonly employed in present-day organisations. Skills training Skill training is most common in organisations. The process here is pretty simple. The need for training in basic skills (such as reading, writing, computing, speaking, listening, problem solving, managing oneself, knowing how to learn, working as part of a team, leading others) is identified done assessment. specialized training objectives are set and training content is developed to meet those objectives. Several methods are available for imparting these basic skills in modern organisations (such as lectures, apprenticeship, on-the-job, coaching etc.). Before employing these methods, managers should * explain how the training will help the trainees in their jobs. * relate the training to the trainees goals.* respect and consider participant responses and use these as a resource. * encourage trainees to learn by doing. * give feedback on progress toward meeting learning objectives. Refresher training Rapid changes in technology may force companies to go in for this kind of training. By organising short-term courses which incorporate the latest developments in a particular field, the company may keep its employees up-to-date and develop to take on emerging challenges. * It is conducted at regular intervals by taking the help of outside consultants who specialise in a particular descriptive. Cross-functional Training Cross-functional Training involves training employees to perform operations in areas other than their assigned job. There are many approaches to cross functional training. Job rotation can be used to provide a manager in one functional area with a broader perspective than he would otherwise have.Department s can exchange force-out for a certain period so that each employee understands how other departments are functioning. High performing workers can act as peer trainers and help employees develop skills in another area of operation. Cross functional training provides the following benefits to an organisation (and the workers as well) (1) Workers gain rich experience in handling diverse jobs they become more adaptable and versatile (2) they can better engineer their own career paths (3) they not only know their job well but also understand how others are able to perform under a different set of constraints (4) A broader perspective increases workers understanding of the business and reduces the need for supervision (5) when workers can fill in for other workers who are absent, it is easier to use flexible scheduling, which is increasingly in demand as more employees want to spend more time with their families.Eli Lilly and Company (India), for example, encourages cross-functional mo vements to make the organisation equally attractive to both specialists and generalists. Team Training Team training broadly speaking covers two areas content tasks and mathematical group processes. Content tasks specify the teams goals such as cost control and problem solving. Group processes reflect the way members function as a team for example how they interact with each other, how they sort out differences, how they participate etc. Companies are investing heavy amounts, nowadays, in training new employees to listen to each other and to cooperate.They are using outdoor experiential training techniques to develop teamwork and team spirit among their employees (such as scaling a mountain, preparing recipes for colleagues at a restaurant, sailing through uncharted waters, crossing a jungle etc.). The training basically throws light on (i) how members should communicate with each other (ii) how they have to cooperate and get ahead (iii) how they should deal with conflict-full si tuations (iv) how they should find their way, using collective wisdom and experience to good advantage. Creativity training Companies like Mudra Communications, Titan Industries, Wipro encourage their employees to think unconventionally, break the rules, take risks, go out of the box and devise unexpected solutions.* Postpone judgment Dont reject any idea* Create alternative frames of reference* Break the leap of thinking* Examine a different aspect of the problem* Make a wish list of solutions* Borrow ideas from other fields* Look for processes to change or eliminate* Think up alternative methods* Adopt another persons perspective* Question all Assumptions.In creativity training, trainers often focus on three things (a) Breaking away In order to break away from restrictions, the trainee is expected to (i) identify the dominant ideas influencing his own thinking (ii) define the boundaries within which he is working (iii) bring the assumptions out into the open and challenge everyth ing (b) Generate new ideas To generate new ideas, the trainee should open up his mind look at the problem from all possible angles and list as many alternative approaches as possible. The trainee should allow his mind to wander over alternatives freely. Expose himself to new influences (people, articles, books, situations), switch over from one perspective to another, -arrange cross fertilization of ideas with other people and use analogies to spark off ideas.(c) Delaying judgement To promote creative thinking, the trainee should not try to kill off ideas too quickly they should be held back until he is able to generate as many ideas as possible. He should allow ideas to grow a little. Brainstorming (getting a large number of ideas from a group of people in a short time) often helps in generating as many ideas as possible without pausing to evaluate them. It helps in releasing ideas, overcoming inhibitions, cross fertilising ideas and getting away from patterned thinking. Diversity Training Diversity training considers all of the diverse dimensions in the workplace race, gender, age, disabilities, lifestyles, culture, education, ideas and backgrounds while designing a training programme.It aims to create better cross-cultural sensitivity with the aim of fostering more harmonious and fruitful working relationships among a firms employees. The programme covers two things (i) awareness building, which helps employees calculate the key benefits of diversity, and (ii) skill building, which offers the knowledge, skills and abilities required for working with people having varied backgrounds. Literacy Training Inability to write, speak and work well with others could often come in the way of discharging duties, especially at the lower levels. Workers, in such situations, may fail to understand safety messages, appreciate the importance of sticking to rules, and commit avoidable mistakes.Functional illiteracy (low skill level in a particular content area) may be a s erious impediment to a firms productivity and competitiveness. Functional literacy programmes focus on the basic skills required to perform a job adequately and capitalise on most workers motivation to get help in a particular area. Tutorial programmes, home assignments, reading and writing exercises, simple mathematical tests, etc., are generally used in all company in-house programmes meant to improve the literacy levels of employees with weak reading, writing or arithmetic skills.

A purely farcical character Essay Example for Free

A purely farcical character EssayIn this essay I intend to discuss the statement Petruchio is a purely farcical character and far I agree with it. I intend to look Petruchios character further to determine whether he has other side to him apart from his mirthfulal side whether he is a purely farcical character. The Taming of the Shrew is a comedy, a farcical play with a lot of the humour being about the war between the sexes, which is shown in the major theme of marriage, and men essay to tame their women. Petruchio plays a big part in this with his wooing and marriage to Katherine. Petruchio is the main character in the play aswell as Katherine and he is also whiz of the main farcical characters who is often witty and farcical in his speeches is portrayed as a clown with a lot of comic scenes. They are kind of slapstick humour as with his wedding outfit, his outfit shows him acting the clown. The description we get of his outfit is very comical and the image of the old hors e. It is his wedding sidereal day and he doesnt take it at all seriously.A nonher example of his humour is in Act 1 scene 2 where Petruchio and Grumio defy a comic misunderstanding at the door. All these scenes are very silly and slapstick and show Petruchio as perhaps a purely farcical character, but in that respect are other sides to him. Deceit is a major theme in The Taming of the Shrew, with many of the characters in disguise. Petruchio is one character who doesnt swap identities with another character as we see with Lucentio and Tranio, but he does have a different disguise.He plays a role to tame Katherine and marry her so that he can be wealthy. He tricks her into believing he is a cruel man and he tells the earshot this in one of his speeches (iv line 159-178). He tells them of his plans to deceive her and cure her of her nagging ways and so she will become the dutiful wife and a lady. He does imply in this speech that he himself will also have to suffer in order to tam e her (line 170-178) Petruchios character is quite deceitful and he does admit this to the audience.He is so deceitful he almost fools the audience into believing he is being himself. But he cant be as he keeps informing them of his plans to deceive Katherine, so he obviously is not the man he portrays himself as. In the presence of his friends he is quite humorous as again with the scene where Petruchio and Grumio have the comical misunderstanding. With his friends he is more himself and is ethical about what he wants, married, happy, and wealthy in Padua.

Representing Prostitution In Victorian London

Representing Prostitution In niminy-piminy LondonNineteenth blow England is commonly characterised by the successful elaborateness of an industrial nine. Industrial growth defined the geography, economy and society of straight-laced Britain, allowing for get ahead establishment of the British Empire as a controlling and broad Empire. The expansion of the urban society and the migration from rural life to that of the city worked to create a new public, with new social and economical opportunities. From the embers of the Industrial Revolution emerged a new affectionateness- separate. Complied of persons from varying economical heritages the new middle-class, those who had achieved significant financial success during the revolution placed themselves under a capitalist philosophy but defined themselves by their strict codes of object lessonity. Such importance was placed upon social morality and respectability that was further clarified by domestic ideologies and clearly defi ned sex roles.The population of London was five times greater at the end of the ordinal hundred than it was at the takening and at its most explosive roughly tripled in devil generations2. This influx of people moving from rural England to the urban resoundment of London had a resounding affect on the establishment of the city, socially, economically, politically and geographically. The industrialisation of the city provided gentlem both with new opportunities, which were not previously attainable and resulted in the rose of the new middle-class, the effects of which were polarized for many. Despite the vast expansion of other(a) British cities as a result of the Industrial Revolution, namely Manchester, Leeds, Sheffield and Birmingham, London was targeted in coetaneous literature as the prime example of an immoral urban purlieu. London was overwhelmed by the increased population, her foundations struggled to uphold the life-style migrants expected, and more often than n ot they were resolved to a life of hard labour, crime, disease and pollution.3Images of the lives of the cut and work classes were frequently depicted in the publications of the day, The Illustrated London News, The Graphic, The Saturday Review, The Illustrated Police News and the satirical Punch to name a few. One much(prenominal) externalize is Ho habituateless and Hungry, 1869 by Samuel Luke Fildes, which, when make in the first edition of The Graphic, depicts a group of poverty stricken Lond unrivaled and only(a)rs queuing alongside a large brick wall collecting tokens allowing them to stay in the Victorian workhouses overnight.4This find out is in stark contradiction to MIDDLE CLASS ILLUSTRATION. Whilst these images show a distinct extreme in class identity, one can begin understand the varied social identities that circulated at bottom London City in consideration of the following citationruling-class debauchee, masturbating adolescent, frigid middle-class housewife, p recocious and depraved slum- nestling the pulverisation girl with her easy morals, the reproach, the violated virgin, the lubricious working-class housewife, the incestuous alcoholic, the mothering pimping for her daughters and more idealised types fulfilled wife, attentive married man, chaste and informed student, innocent child.5Barret-Ducrocqs suggestion of Victorian characters shows how varied Victorian London was, and how class and gender affected the roles, which one could adopt inwardly society. It was scarcely unexpected that representations of socially controversial calculates found their elbow room into prominent publications and exposures of the day.Chapter Two The Women of LondonTo understand the anxieties surrounding the insert of the prostitute in Victorian London one must first appreciate how women were regarded during the nineteenth century. Being that nineteenth century society was dominated by the middle-class, a result of the industrial revolution, one must account for social life in the first place the arrival of the Victorian bourgeoisie. Before the development of the middle classes in the mid-early nineteenth century ideologies surrounding domesticity and moral responsibility were less prolific. It was the development, most prominently, of domestic ideology, which resulted in the significant decline of freedom available to women, Women enjoyed considerable freedom, status and au then(prenominal)tic function during a golden age for women in the 17th and eighteenth centuries.6Mid-nineteenth century society, induced by the industrial revolution, was dominated by the conceit of separate spheres. The prevailing ideology of separate spheres placed the man in the public environ among industry and politics, while the char was resided to the private sphere. Thus women, mainly those of the middle classes, were expected to partake in the activities predominantly designated to domesticity.George Hickss triptych Womans Mission, 1863 narrate s the concept of the separate spheres in a series, which follows the adult life of a moral and respectable middle-class cleaning adult female. The use of the triptych form allowed Hicks to portray the varying roles associated with the nineteenth century feminine ideal. As previously stated the feminine ideal was, during the Victorian ear, rooted in the middle-class ideology of domesticity and moral responsibility. En deedd Womans Mission The Guide to Childhood an image of a young woman partaking in the role of the doting mother begins Hickss series. As the title projects, The woman is defined as both physical and spiritual charter to childhood.7Neads affirmation is further encouraged by the symbolic representation of the woodland pathway along which the mother is tenderly leading her child and the manner in which she protects the child by sheltering him from the brambles. The central, and most well known, image of the triptych reveals a scene of the devote wife tending to her grieving husband. This image known as Womans Mission consort of Manhood discloses the expected dynamic between husband and wife of the middle-class. His masculinity is represented as prominently within the image as her femininity is. The husband shows his character to be a moral and respectable male as he shields his weeping eyes from both the audience and his wife. Nineteenth century medical studies on the differences between male and female anatomy cited that women, as a result of their finer nerves, were more sensitive than men. Thus the archetypal Victorian man was widely represented as having control over his emotions and sensitivity.8The ornaments on the mantel flake and the silverware on the nearby coffee table coupled with the fine and traditional Victorian middle-class interior guard the feminine ideal, of a respectable wife dedicated to the pride of keeping her husbands house within this painting. The woman herself is portrayed as a figure of the feminine ideal she is modestly dressed, in neutral and earthy tones, and leans upon her husband signifying the importance of the male figure within the domestic constitution.9The utmost image in the series Womans Mission Comfort of Old Age shows the same woman as in the previous two scenes, this time, tending to an sr. relative. The prominence of this image is to show the continuity of the feminine ideal as it was expected during the period. The concept of the feminine ideal required at every coiffure of a middle-class womens life as, a mother, wife and daughter.Originally a doctrine of the middle-class only, domesticity and the concept of the separate spheres began to infringe the boundaries of the working class. Hicks again narrates this concept in The Sinews of Old England, 1857. This image is similarly composed to Hickss later images Womans Mission where the female also stand alongside her husband leaning upon his left shoulder. Whilst this image shows the concept of the separate spheres in worki ng-class circumstances it does not depict the domesticity and feminine ideal. The woman is decidedly varied to that depicted in Womans Mission, her dress alone shows she is not of the middle-class ideal, the front of which is hitched up at the knee and she wears her sleeves rolled to the elbow suggesting she is ready to partake in the manual work common to those of her class. To support the differences suggested by dress are the physical attributes of the women. The degrade-class woman reveals strong muscular harness as she rolls up her sleeves and her complexion suggests someone who partakes in manual, potential outdoor, labour. This is in stark contrast to the petite frame of the middle-class woman who leans upon her husband for support. There are certain similarities between the paintings however. In both images the woman is shown as the keeper of the house, and in both it is the domestic accruements that high twinkle this ideal, bathroom the lower-class woman the audience is able to see the interior of the house in front of which she is stood. The similarities between the two images further stretch to the films of the men as the stronger gender. While in Womans Mission his masculinity it supported by his hiding weeping from the public, the lower-class mans masculinity is show by his facing outside from his wife and the domestic sphere and, as critics presumed, towards his source of work.10With such importance placed upon domesticity, moral responsibility and the feminine ideal by the middle-class it was not surprising that anything or anyone distancing themselves from what was often conceived as the norm or expected was called in to quested by Victorian moralists. The most questionable figure of nineteenth century urban society was that of the prostitute. The figure of the prostitute was not an uncommon one during the nineteenth century, as Dr Ryan, Campbell and Talbot citied, the number of prostitutes within the city was expected to be somewhere clo se to 80,000.11A wood engraving from Henry Mayhews London Labour and the London Poor, 1862 authorise The Haymarket-Midnight depicts a scene of London, at the Haymarket, where prostitution and abnormal behaviour is plentiful. A social investigation by George Augustus Sala commented on the nocturnal activities of London, when among the socially deviantA new life begins for London at midnight. Strange shapes appear of men and women who train lain a-bed all the day and evening, or have remained torpid in holes and corners. They puzzle out arrayed in strange and fantastic garments, and in glaringly gaslit rooms screech and gabble in wild revelry. The street corners are raise by night prowlers. Phantoms arrayed in satin and lace flit upon the sight. The devil puts a diamond ring on his taloned finger, sticks a pin in his shirt and takes his walks abroad. It is a stranger sight than even the puma Raffet imagined in his picture of Napoleons midnight review, and it is, I think, a much better thing to be at home and in bed, than wandering about and peeping into the mysteries of this unholy London night life.12What must be understood is that not all prostitutes were deviant figures for comparable reasons. The exposition of prostitution was vast and varied according to where in society the figure was operating. Henry Mayhew in London Labour and the London Poor cites six different categories of prostitute kept mistresses and prima donnas, convives who were separated into those subject to a mistress and those independent, low lodging house women, sailors and soldiers women, park women and thieves women.13Each of which, whilst remaining a deviant and immoral figure, certified their own social interpretation. Victorian representation of prostitution primarily focused on the lower class women of the city, however certain assist was given to women of the middle-classes who by some form of bad fortune found themselves in the world of prostitution. Known as fallen women t hose who transgressed the conventions of the middle-class, who negated domesticity and whose moral identity was disgraced caused particular anxieties for contemporaries. Known to be a society of sexual prudery, in reaction to the foundations laid by the new middle-class, Victorian society had to find a method of understanding and representing this ever developing social evil.Abraham Solomons representation Drowned Drowned, 1860 eloquently epitomises the varying discourses surrounding the figure of the mid-Victorian prostitute. Drowned Drowned was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1860, the course of its execution. Having previously painted two social commentaries, which were also exhibited at the Royal Academy, Solomon hoped that this work would finally acclaim his name as a prominent painter of social modernity.14The work however received a number of reviews, which frequently shifted between positive and negative. At one end of the scale his work was championed, receiving awards for its coetaneous relevance, while at the other it was seriously criticised.Originally created as an oil painting, Drowned Drowned is now only in existence as a wood engraving. The image depicts a woman, whom one immediately associates with prostitution, being pulled from the River Thames. Solomon has provided viewers with an easily interpreted image portraying the devastating effects of social immorality. The environment around the prostitutes proboscis is laden with symbolic imagery devoted to offering viewers an enveloping narrative of the circumstances in which the woman fell to such a grade of demise. The image illustrates the prostitutes be now settled on the riverbank at Westminster, easily identified by the commonly represented Bridge of Sighs in the background. Her body is laid up against that of a lower-class woman, who in reaction gazes down at the lifeless body, an expression of grief across her face. The prostitutes figure held in the womans arms emulates the form of the Pieta15. This traditional symbolism is pivotal in representing the prostitute as a dupe within the picture. By admitting moral symbolism into the image, Solomon portrays the representation of juxtapose morals within Victorian society. The prostitutes social and moral downfall is highlighted prominently in the figures surrounding her dead body, which further act as instruments in this depiction of juxtaposing morals.To the right of the dead prostitute is a group of lower-class citizens, whilst to the left of the dead figure stand a group from middle-class boasting costumes from a masquerade ball. Here we see two groups of stereotypical Victorian characters, which seen together increase the power of the image by allowing not only a statement of the importance of morality but also providing the scene with a full narrative. The left-handed figures represented aspects of the immorality within society, they stand for indulgence, extravagance, corruptness and disorder. This is contr adicted prominently in the morals shown by the group of lower-class characters, whose hard work and responsibility is given as an example of respectability.16The left-hand group of figures are understood to be travelling home from a masquerade ball, a popular event among the higher classes. Their clothing suggests such an outing has occurred, they are dressed in seventeenth century attire with aspects of the fantastical added done masks and capes. The use of masqueraders as a representation of higher-classed figures encourages the audience to consider their immorality. The word masquerade can be attributed to the concept of deception, to faade ones identity and thus can be applied to the female figures on the left of the image. To contemporaries this symbolic meaning highlighted the immortality of such activities, the true class identity of the figures is hidden from the public, and thus the women featured may be little more than kept mistresses or highly risen prostitutes. This is again polarized against the image of the lower class women, who do not attempt to hide their social identity, these women, despite their lower class, were considered respectable within Victorian society. The immorality of the deviant middle-class is further exhibited in the image portrayed by the most forward male masquerader who contemporary audiences interpreted to be the fallen womens seducer. The narrative surrounding this figure arises from his surprised expression as he stares at the dead prostitutes body. The placement of the seducer within the picture enhances the idea of the prostitute as a victim of society. VICTIM OF SOCIETY WHY WAS SHE CONSIDERED SO? The concept of the prostitute as a victim of society at, is promoted in other Victorian imagery, however it remained that as a patriarchal society the promotion or display of male sexuality did not act to destabilise the morality of society.Ford Maddox Browns painting cause Your Son Sir, 1851-6, has occasionally been lin eamentd with the theme of social immorality, though others believe it to be a purely representation of a wife holding a child out to her husband. The painting uses a traditional Madonna and Child composition, however shows the mother and child within a contemporary Victorian interior, which negates away from the concept of traditionalist imagery. The woman holds the child out in front of her, whilst the image of a male can be seen in the mirror behind the mother and child, a mirror which acting as a nimbus continues the theme of traditional Madonna and Child imagery, on initial viewing the woman appears to hold her child toward the audience. On considering the contemporary environment the figures are situated in, the absence of the father and the uncomfortable expression across the womans face interpretations emerged that this was in point the depiction of a kept mistress holding a child out to her seducer.17Chapter Three Representation in PaintMuch like Drowned Drowned Augustus Le opold pelt 1858 painting known as Past and Present provides audiences with a prominent narrative. However in Eggs work the tale is generally considered indisputable. Accounting for this clear narrative is the triptychs official titleAugust the 4th. Have just heard that B. has been dead more than a fortnight, so his poor children have now doomed both parents. I hear she was seen on Friday last near the desert, evidently without a place to lay her head. What a fall hers has beenThe language within the title is fundamental in initialising the symbolism within the images. Aside from securing the narrative, the inclusion of such a citation allowed audiences to clearly understand the issue of morality within. The images tell of a man, known to us only as B, who has died and untimely death leaving two orphaned children. As the passage continues it becomes clear that his orphaned children are at the mercy of an immoral mother, who having fallen into the destitute world of prostitution ha s become a social outcast. The theme of the deviant woman is continued in her reference only as she and her, she has, as a result of her adultery, has forcefully become anonymous loosing both her class identify and social standing.18Completed as a triptych Past and Present was not displayed chronologically. When on display the first part of the series, Past and Present No 1 the scene of the husbands discovery becomes the central ingredient flanked either side by scenes years after the central episode. When considered together this imagery allows an insight into a possible, and frequent, reason for a womans decent to prostitution.Adultery, during the nineteenth century was considered the most serious form of female deviancy. Whilst the image of the fallen woman or prostitute was frequently represented as a victim of society that of the adulteress was not permitted sympathy. Whilst is it entirely possible that other women depicted as prostitutes suffered similar experiences to that o f the woman in Past and Present there is rarely any symbolism suggesting such disgrace. Naturally the Eggs image is occupied with symbolism hinting at her adulterous activities. The woman is seen sprawled across her floor, her arms are outstretched, almost stretchability the lower right hand corner of the image her fists are clasped together in a motion to suggest begging, though it is unclear who this is aimed at as her body is forced away form that of her seated husband. The womans face is hidden from the viewer, perhaps in tune with the use of pronouns to remove her social and class identity. preceding(prenominal) the woman sits her betrayed husband. He is posed, with one hand clenched upon the tabletop the other grasping a single piece of paper. The audience cannot but assume the possibilities of what is on this piece of paper. Beneath his left foot one can just make out the image of a broken fool frame, perhaps their wedding photograph or an image of her lover? From the figu re of the betrayed husband the viewers eye is encouraged towards the presence of two paintings on the wall behind him. The upper painting is a print of Clarksons The Shipwreck, which debuted to a great response in the Royal Academy exhibition of 1856.19The lower painting shows the portrait of a man, suspected to be the husband, this mirrors a similar portrait on the left of the painting this time assumed to portray the wife. The individual portraits can be seen to show division within the marriage, a statement of what is to follow this scene of discovery. The most symbolic painting within the image is that above the portrait of the wife. This frame is representative of Eves deviancy and expulsion from Eden. symbolic representation reverting to womans first incident of violation is again referenced in the half eaten apple next to the womens strained body. Problematic for the viewer is the depiction of the couples two daughters within the scene. Whilst the younger appears oblivious t he elder is distracted from the card tower they are structuring resulting in its collapse. The tumbling cards are balanced upon a give-and-take by the French novelist Balzac. French society was regarded as unstable and dangerous, its literature was believed to be a source of corruption and immorality and many contemporaries were relate about the harmful reverberations of French morality in England.20The inclusion of this work of literature is used as method of anchoring the infidelity to a modern and believable cause.The second and tierce sections of Past and Present illustrate the lasting implications the scene of discovery had upon the women of the family. Past and Present No 2 shows the hardship the daughters suffer as result of having a deviant and adulteress for a mother, while Past and Present No 3 exemplifies the immoral and sorrowful existence the adulteress has succumbed to. As previously mentioned female deviancy in the form of adultery was considered the most severe, f rom 1854 this was the only clause in the initial divorce bill taken to Parliament, which entitled a husband to divorce his wife.21Though it was possible for women to divorce their husbands from 1854 onwards incest was the only evidence accepted, it was not considered indecent for men to continue seeing prostitutes or to have extramarital sex, partly due to the vast number of years their wives were expected to be with child. As Nead cites a female who commits adultery was condemned so on the grounds that it was seen to have the most serious social consequences not only in relation to their own social position but also, and more critically, in impairment of its effects on husband, children and home.22Past and Present No 2 shows the two daughters, seen in the first image, sitting together gazing out of an open window. From their surroundings one immediately understood that the downfall of their mother had also resulted in their own fall from society. They sit in an attic room away fr om the new middle class and bourgeoisie lifestyle they were born into. Women who were charged with committing adultery were forbidden to claim custody and more extremely to see their children as stated in the Custody of Infants Act, 1839.23Critics generally understood Past and Present No3 as being set around the same time as the second instalment of the triptych. The third image represents the fate of the adulteress. Again the environment in which she is depicted suggests a lot about her social standing. Sitting beneath the Adelphi arches, an area between the Strand and the River Thames and a well-known dwelling for streetwalking prostitutes. The figure of a woman, the adulteress, is scarcely seen for the vast shadows and poor lighting beneath the arches, again immorality is referenced through the use of darkness, on first glance it would be easy to miss the child she is holding upon her lap. Nevertheless a pair of legs emerge from the confines of her dark shawl. understand to be a n illegitimate child we again see how the actions of the deviant woman can affect the life of her family. Whilst it was common practice to publicly condemn the adulteress, the figure of the prostitutes and very often that of the fallen woman was represented to society as a victim of the deviant seducer. As Egg manipulates the way in which his female character is depicted, that being from adulteress to homeless prostitute, he manages to produce imagery, which as in many images of the same topic, particularly Drowned Drowned, evokes the ideal of the victim. Where Solomon has applied religious iconography within him image, relating to that of Christs dead body so too has Egg. Thomas brings to light the reference to religious imagery by citing that Eggs image goes as far as to employ iconographical details usually associated with the Virgin Mary to transform this sinful woman into a type of Madonna. Thomas continues to note that the adulteresss change of clothes and environment seen to symbolize not only her tragic fate but a spiritual rebirth.24This can further be supported by the use of light within the image, potentially acting as a halo to secure her repentance.While Past and Present highlighted a scenario, which enlightened audiences to why a woman might end up working as a prostitute, William Holman Hunts The Awakening Conscious, 1853 focused more forcefully on the ideas of regret and remorse. The theme of the regretful prostitute was a common representation during the latter nineteenth century, particularly among the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. The most prominent of these images are, The Awakening Conscious by Holman Hunt, The Gate of Memory, 1857 by Rossetti and Thoughts of the Past, 1859 by J.R. Spencer Stanhope. These three images congregate contemporary symbolism to tell their respective tales. As previously noted when discussing both Drowned Drowned and Past and Present a narrative that was accessibly to the contemporary audience was a primary factor i n the painting of socially controversial images. While all three images provide audiences with a depiction of contrite and regretful women they do so in varying manners. Both Hunt and Stanhope proceed with similar methods of symbolising the women within their images as prostitutes, showing various accoutrements associated with such a profession. Stanhopes womans profession is defined by the details upon her dressing table prominently the money and jewellery, which contradicts her shabby appearance and dockside residency.25Her profession is further hinted at in the inclusion of a males walking stick and stray glove. Hunt, in The Awakening Conscience, also uses the inclusions of such accessories. The composition of Hunts image encourages the audiences eye toward the clasped hands of the woman where one instantly notices the lack of a wedding band, a roughly discarded gloved and the unravelling of a piece of embroidery advance theories of her profession. The models loosely flowing pil us suggests her intimacy with the male as does her close proximity to him, his arms circled around her waist. A stream of light flows through a nearby window, which lights up the lower portion of the painting. It is this stream of light, again as an allegory of Christian morality, which contemporaries understood to have induced the prostitutes moment of remorse and regret. The remainder of the paintings symbolism is dedicated to the further development of the female as a figure of remorse. Behind the figures we can see a wide-open widow, from which the light entered the darkened environment. The window provides the gap of escape from this life of immorality encouraged in the painting of the natural world this could be considered an ode to the morality of rural life. However the possibility of escape is then contradicted in the imagery of a cat toying with a bird just as the male figure has done with his mistress.Although the issue of morality was commodious in the painting of pros titutes so too was the subject of disease and infection. Dante Gabrielle Rossetti in his 1857 painting The Gate of Memory allows a manifestation of the Victorian Prostitute through association with dirt and physical impurity. Whilst the painting shares compositional similarities with formulaic interpretations of the topic such as the separation from a more innocent and honourable lifestyle and the use of light against dark as an allegory for moral verses immoral, though Hunt and Stanhope refer to the conflict between natural and unnatural light, Rossetti furthers the use of symbolism as a means of defining the prostitutes immorality alongside that of the cities. While there are no si

Mating and gender of the clownfish

Mating and gender of the clown leanThe Clown weight belongs to the family Pomacentridae, with many species, many belonging to the genus Amphiprion while cardinal belongs to the Premnas genus (Godwin 1994 p 556). The seek has many excuses which depend on the species. A symbiotic relationship exists between the look for and the ocean sea anem bingle that offers protection to the look for due to its stinging nature. On the new(prenominal) hand, the angle protects the sea anem integrity from harm that could be caused by hard undigested particles through feeding on them. The fish spawn on the sea anemone. A amply grown predominate fe manly may grow to a total length of 11/2 feet, while the sm either adult Clownfish may be as small as 4 inches. The fish thrive in the warm waters of the tropics (Maddern 1990 p 36). They be mainly found in the salty waters of the Indian Ocean and the Pacific. The excretion from the fish is a major source of nourishment for the sea anemone that abs orbs the nutrients emanating from fecal matter. More over, the movements of the Clownfish in the water surrounding the sea anemone, especially when fanning the nut ar signifi toilett for water circulation, which is significant for the distribution of nutrients for the nourishment of the sea anemone (Drury 2008 p 63).The Clownfish is cover by a mucus coating around its remains which as Wittenrich et al. (2007 p 93) observed are derived from sugars, which is one of the factors that prevents the stinging reply of the sea anemone as the nematocysts are triggered by the presence of protein based substances in the surrounding. The fish d thoroughly in one sea anemone as a group, which instrument that several sea anemones allow for host different groups of fish (Godwin 1994 p 561). In former(a) words one sea anemone is the territory of one small group of fish. Clownfish is one of the aquatic organisms whose brace remains a subject of controversy. It is generally known that the fish is capable of switching its sex. This essay is a critique of the Clownfish mate process and gender veers that occur, as well as an exploration of the different species.Gender ChangesThe ability to switch sex is one of the aspects that wanton the fish unique especially the fact that this can happen to any adult fish. Kuwamora Nakashima (1998 p 126) observe that during hatching, the fish are usually one sex, i. e, all manlys. The sovereign male that becomes bigger than all the rest during adult stage develops in to a womanly. None other develops in to a egg-producing(prenominal) so long as the dominant female is alive. The fish that follows in terms of size becomes the dominant male, while the rest remain small inactive males (Godwin 1994 p 558). These phenomena lead to the questions as to wherefore only one of them develops in to a female and assumes the normal role female fish. Questions as well as arise as to why the second largest male does not belowgo the same proce ss. However, these changes point at dominance as the major determinant of the sex change.The males that remain are usually inactive and remain at the bottom of the hierarchy that is headed by the dominant female followed by the dominant male. Another interesting phenomenon is in case the dominant female dies. The dominant male undergoes a sex reversal and assumes the role of the dominant female, which starts reproducing. The death of the dominant female leads to a rearrangement of the hierarchy since the largest male in the juvenile group develops in to the dominant male and begins mating. Godwin (1994 p 558) observe that the need to fill the gap left by the reproducing female triggers the degeneration of the male organs and the development of the ovaries from the female ovary cells that remain inactive when the fish is male. This is an indication that even if the Clownfish are hatched with the male sex, there are certain dormant ovarian cells that remain standby until when need ar ises. There seems to be an interconnection between the physiology of the fish and the social aspects of the group. The social gap created by the death of the female is make full by the mating male leaving another gap whereby there lacks a dominant male, which on the other hand has to be filled by a male from a lower group of males in the hierarchy.Each group of Clownfish inhabiting a particular sea anemone has got its own hierarchy, and they do not mix. This is an indication of the social bond that exists in spite of appearance the groups whose stability is maintained by all members (Kuwamora Nakashima 1998 p 128). It means that if the reproducing female is alive and functional, no other male regardless of the size can develop in to a female. On the other hand, no fish in the lower group can change sex to become the dominant male while one already exists. In a bearing, one may infer that it is due to dedication of the lower groups to the dominant male and female that they do no t change their sex or grow to a large size to outdo the fish in the upper level of the hierarchy. This is because they have the capacity to become larger and change their sex, but they do not. Maddern (1990 p 36) notes that each(prenominal) fish has to ensure that its body mass remain lower by a quarter of the average weight of the dominant fish, or else it may be ejected out of the group. This has enabled the fish to avoid any impending conflicts that may arise between the dominant group and the lower group. However, the initial vigor of development from the larvae stage determines whether the larvae will develop in to one of the dominant fish in the group. The ones that develop at a high rate have a high chance of becoming dominant.The behavior of the fish generates interest to research on the reasons behind the unique behavior. One wonders why the social aspect of the group is largely connected to their physiology. More over, how the fish regulate their size to maintain a lowe r body mass than the dominant fish is an important issue that needs further research. It is important to represent how they are able to determine the amount of feeds and aggressiveness that helps in the maintenance of a small size, which can only be changed when there arises a indolent position created by the death of one of the dominant fish. In order for the fish to qualify for change of sex, they have to be mature, which Tullock (1998 p 54) argues should be to a greater extent than one year of age and the environment needs to be favorable for the change of sex. The environment that determines the success of the fish in changing sex is that within the social group. A favorable environment means that there has to be an opportunity for the fish to join the dominant group. Without the absence of the female, no change of sex can occur. On the other hand, there can be a dominant female but the group may lack a dominant male, necessitating the movement of one of the fish in the lower groups to the dominant group. Maddern (1990 p 33) further notes that even if two male clownfish were put together under controlled conditions, one of them that is more dominant than the other has to become the female, while the other becomes the mating male.On the other hand, Tullock (1998 p 67) further observes that a lone crown fish will develop in to a female if allowed to develop to a full grown fish. One can therefore infer that development in to a female is dependent of other larger and fast growing fish that are likely do dominate the group. However, this applies for the smaller fish since if one small fish is allowed to grow on its own in the absence of other fish it develops in to a female. This means that all the Clownfish are abut to become females if there are no other fish to compete with for dominance (Kuwamora Nakashima 1998 p 128).Mating amongst the ClownfishMating in the Clownfish is usually ceremonial, which leads to spawning of eggs and fertilization. The fish engage in courtship preceding to spawning. The behavior of the males changes to aggressiveness, which rises as the male approaches the actual mating. Wittenrich et al. (2007 p 95) observes that the male usually turns its aggressiveness towards the substrate beneath the water. On the other hand, the female joins in there after, leaving both sexes charging towards the substrate. This is the period that is regarded as courtship (Wilkerson 2003 p 66). This aggressive behavior continues until the final days prior to mating when it becomes more intense. They even become aggressive towards other fish that come close to the mating area. The courtship, as Godwin (1994 p 551) observe is usually draft and involves certain pretentious behavior of the female to attract the male and vise versa. The sea anemone plays a significant role during mating and spawning of eggs. Both fish take part in the clearance of debris and any other solid particles that may interfere with the eggs. The female late r lays the eggs on the selected gradient of the sea anemone. They usually find the patricianest substrate that is favorable for the delicate eggs.The fish usually pinch one of the tentacles of the sea anemone, which makes it retract as a reaction to the nip. The tentacle settles at the selected spawning area by the female. Before laying the eggs, the female makes certain that it is the most appropriate area to spawn by making some trials that are simi1ar to laying eggs but not real. The actual laying of eggs usually comes later after ensuring that the environment is favorable. Maddern (1990 p 39) observed that the eggs are usually sticky in nature, and that they can not float on water. They stick on the substrate and the male swims closely behind as the female lays the eggs. After completing spawning of eggs for a period of 2 hours, the male is usually ready to shed the sperms to fertilize them. The fertilized eggs remain stuck on the soft substrate, where both fish offer protecti on against intruders who might cause harm. With the exhaustion from spawning, the female gets to feeding while the male is left to shield the eggs from attack. Hoff (1996 p 86) observes that the male is usually highly aggressive in defending the nest. More over, the male is to a fault involved in aerating the eggs through flapping its fins. It also selects and eats the infected eggs that may not have a chance to depart.Any matter that falls on the eggs is removed by the male. In other words, the male is usually very active through out mating and after the eggs have been laid to the time that the larvae will be hatched. The female can shed up to more than 2000 eggs in one spawning season. However, the number of eggs usually depends on the size of the reproducing female. The larger the female the more the eggs it can produce (Tullock 1998 p 63). This could also be another reason as to why the large males are the ones that change in to dominant females. The mating area is also a dete rminant of the survival of the eggs and the strength of the fry.Wilkerson (2003 p 68) observes that it is important for the aquaculture of Clown fish to be practiced carefully to avoid mixing the species in one area whereby they are likely to stress each other. Different species are unlikely to survive together since they will constantly fight injuring each other, which is likely to make them unable to lay eggs. In controlled conditions, the presence of a sea anemone makes the environment more like the natural environment, which facilitates spawning. The fish under go the normal process of mating, laying eggs and taking care of them as they would do in the wild. However, this would require an extra task of raising the sea anemone and maintaining it while on the other hand maintaining the fish. It may be a costly impale to undertake in aquaculture.However, it is not mandatory to have the sea anemone for the Clownfish to mate and spawn in controlled conditions. The fish can also spaw n in rocks whose ruggedness offers hiding places. However, the same characteristic as in the wild whereby the fish cleans the substrate on the surfaces where the eggs are laid occurs during mating under controlled conditions. Hoff (1996 p 89) observes that the mature and ready to mate Clownfish usually tend to scrub rocks with the mouth as well as fins, in a similar way as the way they clean the substrate to have a clean ground for laying eggs. The eggs get stuck to the eggs where they get fertilized by the male that swims after the female. The fish that are satisfied with the artificial environment, i. e. that which is almost similar to the natural environment are likely to lay more healthy eggs (Wilkerson 2003 p 66).Species of ClownfishThere are many fish species of Clownfish which differ mainly in color as well as in many other aspects such as the twist of the fins. For example, the Amphiprion percula is one of the species of Clownfish that has a characteristic extended level ba nd at the central point of its body. The fish is also referred to as the anemone fish, which has a distinct orange color. It also possesses some black marks as well as white strips on the fins. The structure of the dorsal fin is one of the distinguishable characteristics as it possesses 10 spines (Maddern 1990 p 61). The species is known to reproduce through out the year since it inhabits the warmer regions that are favorab3le for breeding. The fish live in groups of 6, including the dormant males. The hierarchy of the group is that of the typical Clownfish, and it exhibits all the other characteristics of the Clownfish such as change of sex.The Amphiprion clarkii is also one of the bodacious Clown fishes that are highly resistant to diseases. They come in several(a) colors such as yellow, white, grey and brown. These colors are also diverse on the fins and the tail, while it is missing in others. The fish are recommended for aquariums due to their hardiness as they do not need sp ecialized care. Amphiprion ocellaris is also one of the species with distinct characteristics such as black stripes on the fins as well as an elongated dorsal fin (Tullock 1998 p 65). Premnas biaculeatus has a reddish color on their body which tends to be more inclined towards brown in some fish within the species. They have white strips along their spine. These colors are distinct from most of the other fish species. Amphiprion frenatus is a species in which juveniles tend to be dark red and black as they develop in to adults. Amphiprion sandarcinos, Amphiprion perideraion, Amphiprion frenatus and Amphiprion melanopus are also among the many species of Clownfish that can be differentiated especially through the color of their bodies (Wittenrich et al 2007 p 95).ConclusionClownfish is one of the hardy fish species that inhabit the warm areas of sea, such as the Indian Ocean as well as the Pacific Ocean. They belong to the genus Amphiprion, and are greatly colored, which makes them g ood for ornamental aquaculture. In the wild, the fish usually live in groups that demonstrate a hierarchical association. The highest in the hierarchy is usually the reproducing female, which are the dominant and the largest fish in a group. The fish have a rare behavior of changing sex depending on need. The larvae are usually male, but they are capable of developing in to females. Only the dominant and largest male develops in to a female, while the second largest male in the group develops in to the mating males. The only time that there can be a change in the hierarchical structure is when the female is eliminated from the group through death, leading the mating male to become the female and the larger male in the lower level of the hierarchy to become the mating male (Drury 2008 p 63).The mating of the Clownfish takes place without complications. The sea anemone is highly supportive to the existence of the Clownfish. It offers protection through its poisonous stings to the pred ators. The Clownfish is not taken as a predator by the sea anemone because of the mucus covering on its body that comprises of sugars. The relationship between the sea anemone and the Clownfish is usually symbiotic, whereby each derives some advantage from the other. There are many species of Clown fish that can be distinguished through their body color as well as the body structure. However, they exhibit a similar behavior (Maddern 1990 p 41).

Smoking, diabetes and alcohol in the Maori culture

locoweed, diabetes and alcohol in the Maori cultureTask 1IntroductionThe region that I imbibe chosen to occupy is Auckland Region and my research of Hauora Maori tr residues and contemporary issue are consume, diabetes and alcohol which extract from housing, education, employment, lifestyle and health statistics.Te Whare Tapa Wha is a traditional approach to Hauora bum on Whanau, Tinana, Wairua and Hinengaro to understand Maori health with a strong foundation of Maori vigorous-being.The areas that I have written about are Literature Review for collating, analyzing and presenting in decision on this research.Maori patients receiving a number oneer standard care than non-Maori from primary and secondary health care providers. It was some non-consistent results relationships between suppliers and patients.Explain the research methodologySmoking the researcher used qualitative research with 60 pregnant Maori women in the womens 17-43 maturates. The questionnaire was used to gu ide the interview. Responses were categorized using Te Whare Tapa Wha (the four-sided house), an autochthonal theoretical framework.Diabetes the researcher used quantitative and statistical analysis to compare different ethic group of health and care status that attending widely distributed practices with diabetes.Obesity the researcher used statistical analysis which collected data from children in 60 countries, suggested that childhood obesity in clean Zealand is increasing at one of the greatest rate in the world (Wang Lobstein 2006). Similar results can be seen among adult in New Zealand which indicated that 26.5 percent of adult were obese (Ministry of Health, 2008). cover the research methodologyLiterature ReviewObstractSmoking, diabetes and obesity are ease the most prevalent for Maori than any new(prenominal) ethnic group in New Zealand.Maori women are particularly high have rates. In 1996, the proportion of Maori women who smoke who smoked one or more cigarettes per day was more than twice than non-Maori women. cardinal percent of Maori women smoke during pregnancy. On the other hand, diabetes is overly the high put on the line health issue among Maori in New Zealand. In addition, obesity among children and adult Maori is excessively high compare to non-Maori.1. Smoking (Why Maori women continue to smoke while pregnant?)Smoking is the biggest killer of Maori. Not only did the tobacco smoking accounts in 1989-1993, trinity of Maori deaths from smoking-related diseases plaguing the concept of Maori. It was nearly 60 per cent of Maori that smoked in 1976 and dropped to 50 per cent in 1991 but it hasnt changed much since then. New Zealand health forward motion and promotion education tried to reduce Maori smoking but it was not success in the last fifteen years. Unchanged Maori smoking prevalence showed low activity between either quit or quit Maori success rate. By the 1976, Maori women between aged of 20 to 24 had the highest smoking rate at 69 per cent and it was increased to 70 per cent in 1981. Up to two-thirds of pregnant Maori women smoke. Sudden infant death syndrome, asthma, glue ear, lung infection rate, rheumatic fever is common among Maori children.Education There are poor understanding of the risks associated with smoking during pregnancy.Life Style They lived in the smoky environment or with a pardner who smoked. Some they used smoking as a method to release their stress.2. Diabetes (between Maori and non-Maori)Diabetes is the leading cause of blindness, kidney failure and lower extremity amputation. It is also major risk occurrenceor for nerve damage, stroke, midsection attack, heart failure and early death. The Ministry of Health estimates that 210 million people will be affected by diabetes through 2012. certain ethnic groups ( curiously Maori, Pacific Islanders and South Asia), since 1996 in diabetes and high-risk data suggested that the incidence of diabetes in Maori and Pacific peoples are more than three quantify higher meshing rates than in Europe, and the Maori and Pacific peoples are more than five times the likelihood of diabetes 2 is dead.Lifestyle Most of people are lack of use and had un goodish diet plan option with including of high fat food that can cause them to become overweight and it can also cause other health condition.3. Obesity (Among children and adult Maori)Obesity is one of the major health issues in New Zealand in recent year which affected in e actually age and ethic group. While population studies have shed much light on obesity and its growing prevalence, it is important to interpret finding with caution, especially in regard to Maori health. In the 2008 report shown that adult Maori had the highest rate of obesity than non-Maori. 41.7 per cent of adult Maori were obese compare to 24.3 percent in European (Ministry of Health, 2008). Thus, considering the splendour of overall wellbeing to Maori, as expressed by contemporary Maori health models , both the prevention and reduction of obesity among Maori would go a long trend to achieving Maori health aspirations and advancing Maori lifestyles.Employment Maori do not have much chance to find a job because they have a low point or qualification because they left school early. Statistics show that Maori have the highest rate of unemployment in New Zealand.Lifestyle Because of unemployment, they do not have enough capital to buy or provide nutrition food for themselves or their children and also nowadays, there are a lot of fast food shops everywhere and it is ratty so it is easy for them to buy without cooking.Task 2The Research Finding1. SmokingOne of the most disadvantaged groups in New Zealand society is Maori women as they have the highest prevalence of smoking. The investigation has been shown that Maori women smoke at the age of 15-24 years old up to nearly 61% aged 25-29 years in 39%, while 57% of 30-39-year-old. In 2007, the first registration of midwives, 19% of p regnant women were smoking in New Zealand and it declined slightly to 15%, when discharged from nursing midwives still smoking. Maori women are much higher prevalence with smoking at the first registration with midwife at 43% and there is 34% still smoking at discharge. Smoking during pregnancy can cause a problem of miscarriage and difficulties during childbirth. Women who continue to smoke during pregnancy may be living in a household with other smokers, partners, family and friends who smoke. In addition, qualitative study found that addiction, utilization and stress are the reason pregnant women continue to smoke. It is a very challenging to reduce smoking among pregnant women in New Zealand and international as it is a priority over a decade.The reseachers found out that 88% of 60 pregnant Maori participation had a partner and the average aged was 26. 23% of participants did not have a degree, only 38% had some employment. more than half of the participants (68%) live in urba n areas. Almost the same numbers of participants were in to the second (43%) or third (40%) trimester of their pregnancy and 38% were having their first baby. They smoked around 9 cigarattes per day and at heart 5 minute for their first cigaratted after woke up (Table 1). There were also some reasons that they smoked such as habit, stress, addiction etc (Table 2). Moreover, social and work environment were also a factor that related to their smoking because they lived with their family or partner who are smoking. When they were at workplace, they smoked with their colleagues or other people and it was easy to smoke at work because they just went out whenever they want (Table 3).2. DiabetesNo other disease is a significant health inequalities more apparent than when we look at diabetes. Diabetes is nearly three times more common in Maori than non-Maori. Due to diabetes, Maori in the 45-64 age group have a death rate 9 times higher than non-Maori. Maori are diagnosed younger, more li kely to develop complications of diabetes, such as eye disease, kidney failure, stroke and heart disease. Type 2 diabetes is expected to increase significantly over the next 20 years (along with pre-diabetes, insulin resistance and obesity) and the biggest impact is on Maori, Pacific people, and those living in poor areas.Type 2 diabetes, including prevalence, age of onset, mortality and hospitalization rates ethic inequality Maori in the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, the estimated average age was 47.8 years old in 1996, six years younger than New Zealand European (54.2 years) (Ministry of Health 2002).In 2002/03, ther self-reported prevalence of diabetes was 2.5 times higher among Maori than non-Maori (Ministry of Health 2006).The estimated life sentence risk of being diagnosed with diabetes for Mori in 1996 was more than double that for New Zealand Europeans (Ministry of Health 2002).The death rates in type 2 diabetes for non-Maori are 7 times lower than Maori.The different in de ath rate is higher in the aged 45 to 64, where Maori women with type 2 diabetes die 13 times than non-Maori women and 10 times for maori men compare to non-Maori men.Due to type 2 diabetes, the risk for hospitalisation of Maori is 4 times higher than non-Maori.3. ObesityRate of obesity and obesity-related illness, are associated with socioeconomic status, with the greatest rate among the least disadvantaged classes (Drewnowski Specter, 2004). This finding has major implications for Maori who are proportionately over represented in the more deprived quintile, having an annual income approximately 20 per cent lower than Europeans in New Zealand (Statistics New Zealand, 2006). Whats more, the 2006/07 NZHS showed that the time children spent watching television, as well as their fizzy drink and fast food consumption, were higher in areas of high neighbourhood deprivation than in areas of low deprivation (Ministry of Health, 2008). Likewise, these three measures were higher within Maor i children compared with the full general population (Ministry of Health, 2008).Obesity is detrimental to the health and function of many a(prenominal) systems of the body including digestion, the immune system, respiration and pulmonary function, reproductive health, bones and joints, and even the health of skin. Hospitalisation and mortality from heart failure is much higher for Maori than non-Maori in New Zealand. The link between obesity and CVD is multifaceted, affecting air pressure, altering blood lipid profile, and increasing cardiac expenditure in order to compensate for increased circulation requirements in the obese.The relationship between obesity and the health disorder place hightlights the importance of reducing and preventing obesity among Maori, to reduce health inequalities in New Zealand as well as lengthen and improve quality of life in Maori.Task 3Present research finding and explain a present day health priority for Maori1. SmokingThe reasearch has been sho wn that the full range of ill-effects of smoking in pregnancy Maori knowledge is limited and not many of them know about the quitline. Even they received a support from their whanau but in fact that their whanau also smoked. Strategies were being used to inform Maori about good or risks associated with smoking during pregnancy, and it seemed not effectively reach Maori women. One of the current risk course of study is that it waits for pregnant Maori women come in contact with the health system. This may mean that some women do not get support to quit until late in pregnancy. New Zealand has been focusing on tobacco control on young Maori women, in particular, not to smoke and not to develop a regular habit of smoking. In order to prevent on smoking, New Zealand had a restrictions on smoking legislation in shared office, shops and food preparation areas, humankind places of public transportation and dining, a ban on tobacco advertising and sponsorship of sports, or a gift to unde r l8s, sports sponsorship smoking. The promotion of smoke-free pregnancy, smoking cessation care charters to be extended to the whole whanau. Impact of maternal smoking on pregnant women around education can help communities.2. DiabetesType 2 diabetes is not a sudden illness. The disease reflects the complexity and interaction of our bodies and our environment, including the social determinants of health, low socioeconomic status, and racism-related stress and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is one of many factors contributing to low Maori health status. A strategy for reducing the impact of diabetes on Maori must be set with in the context of making general improvments in Maori health status. It has been well defined and incorporates a number of principles including the Treaty of Waitangi, Ottawa Charter and Te Whare Tapa Wha. The treaty recognises that Maori need to receive effective health care services that reflect the needs and world view of Maori. The development of Maori communities and infrastructures that are consistent with Maori values and provide a positive healthy lifestyle is accepted as central to improving Maori health status. A guiding priciple is that services need to be developed by Maori with Maori for Maori. Diabetes services need to be developed as part of an integrated health care service. NgtiPorou Hauora (NPH) on the east coast is implementing a program called Ngti and Health, is characterized by promoting healthy eating and regular exercise lifestyle to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes (Tipene-Leach et al 2004 Ngti Porou Hauora 2007). The programme also aims to improve the conditions of diabetes and pre-diabetes awareness in those who are at high risk of developing diabetes and communities. In order to improve diabetes care for Maori is to ensure early spotting and primary prevention of diabetes. Secondly, regional and local services can provide access to their services and quality problems, develop strategies to impro ve service delivery, and monitor the posture of these changes.3. ObesityIn all aspect of health, research is relatively limited in Maori when compared with European/Caucasian groups. Although this could be looked on as obstructive to achieving in(predicate) outcomes for Maori, the limites body of research in this area is also a great opportunity for Maori to design and lead research that will have the most improvement for Maori. Lastly, by focusing research and discussion on how to improve physical health alone, the researchers are diregarding the othe aspects of well being identified in contemporary Maori health models. Thus, a line of research which could be great benefit to Maori would be aimed at understanding the effects of obesity on te taha wairua, hinengaro, whanau, tinana and from the result, developing intervention which maintian the balance of overall wellbeing. As has been touched upon, Maori involvement in all aspects of health from research to dilivery of services in essential. According to He Korowai Oranga (The Maori Health Strategy) involvement should ne at whanau, community and Iwi levels for maximum Maori participation (Ministry of Health, 2002). Because children with obese parents are more likely to become obese aldults themselves, interventions such as the Healthy Eating-Healthy litigate Plan which are being implimented in many New Zealand schools, maybe more effective when parents and whanau are involved. Whats more, because of the part whanau play in the achievement of hauora, this approch may also be more culturally appropriate for Maori. Training in cultural sensitivity and Maori system of health for non-Maori health workers as well as participation in all aspects of planning and delivery is essential to developing policies tha twill achieve the desired outcome in this case, bringing to an end the obesity epidemic amoung Maori.